What are the classification methods for optical splitters
Optical splitters can be classified based on working principle, packaging, transmission medium, and wavelength, with the main types being Fused Biconic Taper (FBT) and Planar Lightwave Circuit (PLC) splitters.
Classification by Working Principle
- Fused Biconic Taper (FBT) Splitters: These splitters are made by fusing and tapering two or more fibers together to form a waveguide structure. The splitting ratio is controlled by adjusting the twisting angle and stretching length of the fibers. FBT splitters are cost-effective but can be sensitive to temperature changes and outdoor conditions, especially for higher output channels .
- Planar Lightwave Circuit (PLC) Splitters: PLC splitters use semiconductor fabrication techniques such as photolithography and etching to integrate waveguides on a quartz substrate. They provide uniform light distribution, low insertion loss, and are suitable for high split ratios (1×4, 1×8, 1×16, 1×32, 1×64). PLC splitters are highly reliable and stable for long-term operation .
Classification by Packaging
- Box Type: Typically used with 2mm or 3mm outer diameter cables, suitable for indoor installations.
- Stainless Tube Type: Used with 0.9mm outer diameter cables, often for outdoor or compact applications.
- Other PLC Packaging Variants: Bare PLC (no connectors), micro tube PLC (encapsulated in steel tubes), ABS splitter, LGX box splitter, fanout PLC splitter, and mini plug-in types .
Classification by Transmission Medium
- Single-Mode Splitters: Optimized for 1310nm and 1550nm wavelengths, commonly used in long-distance fiber networks.
- Multimode Splitters: Operate at 850nm and 1310nm wavelengths, suitable for short-distance or LAN applications .
Classification by Working Wavelength
- Single Window Splitters: Operate at a single wavelength.
- Dual Window Splitters: Operate at two different wavelengths, allowing more flexible network deployment .
Split Configurations
Optical splitters are available in various configurations such as 1×2, 1×4, 1×8, 1×16, 1×32, 1×64, 2×32, and 2×64, depending on the number of input and output fibers required .
Applications
Optical splitters are widely used in Passive Optical Networks (PON) and Fiber-to-the-Home (FTTH) systems to distribute optical signals efficiently among multiple users without active power sources. Key performance metrics include insertion loss, split ratio, and uniformity of output power .
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